Thin Film Coating Material and vacuum coating processes use vacuum technology to create a sub-atmospheric pressure environment and an atomic or molecular condensable vapor source to deposit thin films and coatings. The vapor source may be from a solid or liquid surface (physical vapor deposition - PVD), or from a chemical vapor precursor (chemical vapor deposition - CVD).
Thin-film optics is the branch of optics that deals with very thin structured layers of different materials. In order to exhibit thin-film optics, the thickness of the layers of material must be on the order of the wavelengths of visible light (about 500 nm). Layers at this scale can have remarkable reflective properties due to light wave interference and the difference in refractive index between the layers, the air, and the substrate. These effects alter the way the optic reflects and transmits light. This effect is observable in soap bubbles and oil slicks.
More general periodic structures, not limited to planar layers, are known as photonic crystals.
In manufacturing, thin film layers can be achieved through the deposition of one or more thin layers of material onto a substrate (usually glass), most often by a physical vapor deposition process such as evaporative or sputter deposition, or a chemical process such as chemical vapor deposition. These thin films are used to create optical coatings.
This process is used to create low-emissive panes of glass for houses and cars, anti-reflective coatings on glasses, reflective baffles on car headlights, and for high precision optical filters and mirrors. Another application of these coatings is spatial filtering.[1]
Thin-film layers are common in the natural world. Their effects produce colors seen in soap bubbles and oil slicks, as well as in some animals. For example, the light collecting tapetum lucidum of many nocturnal species and the photophores of bioluminescent squid (e.g. the Bobtail squid). In many cases, iridescent colors that were once thought to result from planar layers, such as in opals, peacocks, and the Blue Morpho butterfly, turn out to result from more complex periodic photonic-crystal structures.